Evidence coverage: 1400–2005. This is the span of collected observations, not the currency’s lifetime.
This record includes associated currencies and earlier interpretations. The article selects the evidence relevant to its own history.
Account-unit continuity supported by the revision 23 source review; a naming, issuer or scale change does not supply a distinct ancestor. Account-unit continuity supported by the revision 23 source review; a naming, issuer or scale change does not supply a distinct ancestor. Account-unit continuity supported by the revision 25 source review; a naming, issuer or scale change does not supply a distinct ancestor.
These stages belong to this profile, not separate branches.
Evidence within this identity, not separate currencies.
Ottoman and republican lira are grouped as one continuing account unit. The 1925 law replaced Ottoman paper with paper of the same amount and legal character. CBRT dates the Republic first issue to 5 December 1927. In 1844 silver kuruş and gold lira were convertible at 100:1. The 1927 note replacement is an instrument transition; this continuity assessment remains qualified.
Sources and qualifications →By the mid-eighteenth century, Ottoman prices and state obligations were expressed in kuruş. Its association with the continuing lira profile is qualified through the retained kuruş–lira accounting structure; circa 1750 is an observation, not a birth date.
Sources and qualifications →The esedi account unit reported in 1690 is associated with the continuing Ottoman kuruş/lira identity. Regular coin minting in 1719 and later lira-scale changes do not create separate currency nodes.
Sources and qualifications →An April–May 1704 mint account reckons output and profit in esedi kuruş, corroborating account use before regular kuruş coin production. Association with the continuing identity remains qualified.
Sources and qualifications →Akçe accounting is documented by 1525, and a 1704 mint order specifies 120 akçe per esedi kuruş. That ratio alone cannot decide whether akçe and kuruş require distinct currency identities or a same-unit scale history.
Sources and qualifications →Under the project policy that rescaling and subdivision changes do not create currencies, the retained akçe account scale supports a qualified continuation within the Ottoman kuruş/lira profile. Extend the profile to 1431–1432 fiscal evidence; do not create a denomination-only akçe predecessor node.
Sources and qualifications →The published 1431–1432 Arvanid register excerpt records estimated revenue of 531 akçe for Lagos village within Petro's timar. This is fiscal accounting evidence, not a mint-date proxy.
Sources and qualifications →Sahillioğlu describes akçe becoming the third of a para and surviving as an account unit after the monetary focus shifted to kuruş and para. Pamuk describes the new kuruş scale as 120 akçe and the continuing use of its lower subdivisions.
Sources and qualifications →Under the project policy that rescaling and subdivision changes do not create currencies, the retained akçe account scale supports a qualified continuation within the Ottoman kuruş/lira profile. Extend the profile to 1431–1432 fiscal evidence; do not create a denomination-only akçe predecessor node.
Sources and qualifications →With qualified akçe continuity admitted, the Dutch lion-dollar contribution around 1690 is a later account-unit contribution to an already existing Ottoman system, not the founding origin of that system.
Sources and qualifications →The Hejazi Saudi account system adapted Ottoman theoretical gold-piastre reckoning in 1928. The March 1936 finance instructions explicitly superseded that gold-piastre revenue unit with Saudi piastres, doubling stated revenue amounts. Direct contemporary account-unit lineage and later legal revenue conversion support regional ancestry. Do not generalize it to every currency circulating in Najd.
Sources and qualifications →İnalcık reports the Arvanid fiscal register assigning 25 akçe to married non-Muslim householders and 6 akçe to widows, with corresponding amounts retained in MehmedII’s code. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.
Sources and qualifications →Istanbul court records retain akçe account use as physical coin output recedes. Official bookkeeping increasingly uses a domestically managed kuruş of 120 akçe after 1690. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.
Sources and qualifications →Later fiscal codes continue akçe-denominated ispence: Mora 1716 and Gence 1727 supply dated account observations beyond the kuruş transition. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.
Sources and qualifications →The Dutch esedi convention contributed to domestically managed Ottoman kuruş accounting; retain it as an external contribution to an existing Ottoman identity, not its founding parent. The new study confirms accounting influence but generic kuruş records cannot prove a universal Dutch-to-Ottoman obligation conversion.
Sources and qualifications →The same akçe scale remains documented in fiscal obligations after the kuruş emerges, supporting retained-denomination continuity rather than a coin-only bridge. Retain the existing 1431–1432 qualified extension and add supporting observation anchors.
Sources and qualifications →Istanbul’s official price list denominated bread and meat prices in akçe, while gold pieces had a separate akçe exchange value. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified.
Sources and qualifications →Sultani and ducat served large-sum accounting concurrently; akçe remained the basic unit for budgets, inventories and valuation of gold.
Sources and qualifications →Kuruş became the dominant core account scale gradually; retained subdivisions were 40 para or 120 akçe. Mid-century dominance is not a founding date.
Sources and qualifications →Silver kuruş and gold lira were legal tender, convertible at 100:1. Kuruş continued in daily accounting after later standard changes. Pamuk explicitly states that the 100 kuruş/lira currency unit was retained in the Republic.
Sources and qualifications →The coin-unification law standardized 100 silver kuruş per gold lira for all purposes and removed pre 1844 coinage.
Sources and qualifications →Articles 1,3 and 5 authorize replacement of existing Ottoman paper with the same amount and legal character, require exchange by treasuries and banks, and carry forward compulsory acceptance. This establishes an instrument replacement within the continuing unit.
Sources and qualifications →The Republic’s first banknote issue implemented the replacement on 5 December 1927; this is not a new account-unit founding.
Sources and qualifications →Serbia introduced local tax and market groš conventions in 1833, initially related 2:1 and divided into 40 and 20 tax para respectively. They belong in one local account profile under the no-scale-only-node policy.
Sources and qualifications →The 1400 supplement to Murad I’s Bursa Kaplıca foundation deed assigns daily stipends expressed by its scholarly editor in akçe:12 to the teacher,1 per student and 2 to the elementary-school teacher. These are specified obligations, not merely circulating coins. The edition distinguishes this supplement from the 1385 deed. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified.
Sources and qualifications →Murad II’s Bursa foundation deed dated 14 July 1430 specifies monetary salaries, called dirhem in its Arabic copy and akçe in its later Ottoman translation. The comparative edition supports a local akçe obligation anchor; original is not extant to the researcher and one stipend translation is erroneous. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified.
Sources and qualifications →Retain Dutch esedi influence as a later contribution to an existing Ottoman system, not its founding parent. Foreign accounting influence is documented, but generic kuruş and payment/account overlap prevent a universal obligation-conversion claim.
Sources and qualifications →Retain the canonical Ottoman/Turkish profile. Its 1844-to-Republic core account association is supported; the 1431–1432 extension stays qualified. Akçe, para, kuruş and lira are historical account scales under the project rescaling policy; do not insert a sequential sultani predecessor.
Sources and qualifications →Explain the historical accounting scales separately from coin introductions. Gold accounting overlapped silver-based core accounts; neither all Ottoman provinces nor all gold obligations were the same scope.
Sources and qualifications →Dated evidence, not exact birth or extinction dates.
The esedi account unit reported in 1690 is associated with the continuing Ottoman kuruş/lira identity. Regular coin minting in 1719 and later lira-scale changes do not create separate currency nodes.
C1216An April–May 1704 mint account reckons output and profit in esedi kuruş, corroborating account use before regular kuruş coin production. Association with the continuing identity remains qualified.
C1217Under the project policy that rescaling and subdivision changes do not create currencies, the retained akçe account scale supports a qualified continuation within the Ottoman kuruş/lira profile. Extend the profile to 1431–1432 fiscal evidence; do not create a denomination-only akçe predecessor node.
C1282İnalcık reports the Arvanid fiscal register assigning 25 akçe to married non-Muslim householders and 6 akçe to widows, with corresponding amounts retained in MehmedII’s code. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.
C1757Istanbul court records retain akçe account use as physical coin output recedes. Official bookkeeping increasingly uses a domestically managed kuruş of 120 akçe after 1690. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.
C1758Later fiscal codes continue akçe-denominated ispence: Mora 1716 and Gence 1727 supply dated account observations beyond the kuruş transition. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.
C1759Istanbul’s official price list denominated bread and meat prices in akçe, while gold pieces had a separate akçe exchange value. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified.
C1867Silver kuruş and gold lira were legal tender, convertible at 100:1. Kuruş continued in daily accounting after later standard changes. Pamuk explicitly states that the 100 kuruş/lira currency unit was retained in the Republic.
C1870The coin-unification law standardized 100 silver kuruş per gold lira for all purposes and removed pre 1844 coinage.
C1871Articles 1,3 and 5 authorize replacement of existing Ottoman paper with the same amount and legal character, require exchange by treasuries and banks, and carry forward compulsory acceptance. This establishes an instrument replacement within the continuing unit.
C1872The Republic’s first banknote issue implemented the replacement on 5 December 1927; this is not a new account-unit founding.
C1873The 1400 supplement to Murad I’s Bursa Kaplıca foundation deed assigns daily stipends expressed by its scholarly editor in akçe:12 to the teacher,1 per student and 2 to the elementary-school teacher. These are specified obligations, not merely circulating coins. The edition distinguishes this supplement from the 1385 deed. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified.
C1878Murad II’s Bursa foundation deed dated 14 July 1430 specifies monetary salaries, called dirhem in its Arabic copy and akçe in its later Ottoman translation. The comparative edition supports a local akçe obligation anchor; original is not extant to the researcher and one stipend translation is erroneous. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified.
C1879Includes dated issues, standards, subdivisions and institutional changes. Each event retains the source's date qualifications.
The central bank reports that the 2005 currency reform removed six zeros from the currency.
C577Dated observations, not a proven complete lifespan.
The central bank reports that the 2005 currency reform removed six zeros from the currency.
PDF p.38, currency reform note
Ottoman and republican lira are grouped as one continuing account unit. The 1925 law replaced Ottoman paper with paper of the same amount and legal character. CBRT dates the Republic first issue to 5 December 1927. In 1844 silver kuruş and gold lira were convertible at 100:1. The 1927 note replacement is an instrument transition; this continuity assessment remains qualified.
Corrected interpretation: Revision 30 directly supports the 1844-to-Republic account continuity; earlier akçe association remains separately qualified. Replacement evidence: C1870.
printed p305, PDF page17(index16), voted Article1; debate pp299–310; First Emission Group section, paragraphs before E1 banknotes; pp95–96,159–165,177,208
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Article 1 and immediately surrounding proceedings inspected; numerical totals OCR inconsistent, do not transcribe totals
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Article 1 and immediately surrounding proceedings inspected; numerical totals OCR inconsistent, do not transcribe totals
OCR totals intentionally omitted.
printed p305, PDF page17(index16), voted Article1; debate pp299–310; First Emission Group section, paragraphs before E1 banknotes; pp95–96,159–165,177,208
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
printed p305, PDF page17(index16), voted Article1; debate pp299–310; First Emission Group section, paragraphs before E1 banknotes; pp95–96,159–165,177,208
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
By the mid-eighteenth century, Ottoman prices and state obligations were expressed in kuruş. Its association with the continuing lira profile is qualified through the retained kuruş–lira accounting structure; circa 1750 is an observation, not a birth date.
pp95–96,159–165,177,208
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Domestically managed Ottoman esedi/kuruş accounting developed from the Dutch esedi trade-unit convention. This qualified regional transition compresses local stages; it does not assert universal redemption of Dutch coins or obligations.
pp6–7 foundation; pp7–8 methods; pp9–10 akçe persistence and Dutch account use; Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi3(2),217–224,p219; pp67–68; p160fn7; p165
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
pp6–7 foundation; pp7–8 methods; pp9–10 akçe persistence and Dutch account use; Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi3(2),217–224,p219; pp67–68; p160fn7; p165
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
pp6–7 foundation; pp7–8 methods; pp9–10 akçe persistence and Dutch account use; Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi3(2),217–224,p219; pp67–68; p160fn7; p165
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Saudi reckoning adapted Ottoman gold-piastre accounting in the Hejazi monetary system. Contemporary reporting describes the 1928 substitution and inherited theoretical piastres; the qualified branch concerns this local account tradition, not uniform replacement across Najd or ancestry inferred from coin weight.
Corrected interpretation: Revision 27 supplies a new evidence basis for R-V24-004. Direct contemporary account-unit lineage and later legal revenue conversion support regional ancestry. Do not generalize it to every currency circulating in Najd. Replacement evidence: C1626.
British Library IOR/R/15/2/310, fol.120v, printed p.17, paragraphs 2–4; British Library IOR/R/15/2/310, fol.121r, printed p.18, translated enclosure, clauses 1–7
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full Qatar Digital Library transcription inspected.
British Library IOR/R/15/2/310, fol.120v, printed p.17, paragraphs 2–4; British Library IOR/R/15/2/310, fol.121r, printed p.18, translated enclosure, clauses 1–7
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full archival transcription inspected; translated original instructions, not a newly inspected Arabic decree.
The esedi account unit reported in 1690 is associated with the continuing Ottoman kuruş/lira identity. Regular coin minting in 1719 and later lira-scale changes do not create separate currency nodes.
Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi3(2),217–224,p219; Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi53,79–116,p90; pp100–101; pp6–7 foundation; pp7–8 methods; pp9–10 akçe persistence and Dutch account use
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi3(2),217–224,p219; Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi53,79–116,p90; pp100–101; pp6–7 foundation; pp7–8 methods; pp9–10 akçe persistence and Dutch account use
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi3(2),217–224,p219; Türk Kültürü İncelemeleri Dergisi53,79–116,p90; pp100–101; pp6–7 foundation; pp7–8 methods; pp9–10 akçe persistence and Dutch account use
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
An April–May 1704 mint account reckons output and profit in esedi kuruş, corroborating account use before regular kuruş coin production. Association with the continuing identity remains qualified.
Türklük Araştırmaları Dergisi3(2),217–224,p219
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Akçe accounting is documented by 1525, and a 1704 mint order specifies 120 akçe per esedi kuruş. That ratio alone cannot decide whether akçe and kuruş require distinct currency identities or a same-unit scale history.
Pamuk pp.67–68; Al and Çetin pp.100–101, citing BOA DRB.d164 p.383
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Pamuk pp.67–68; Al and Çetin pp.100–101, citing BOA DRB.d164 p.383
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Under the project policy that rescaling and subdivision changes do not create currencies, the retained akçe account scale supports a qualified continuation within the Ottoman kuruş/lira profile. Extend the profile to 1431–1432 fiscal evidence; do not create a denomination-only akçe predecessor node.
Printed p.44, PDF p.46, I-7, register entry 153 (Timar-i Petro); source İnalcık 1987 p.59; bibliography identifies Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, second ed., Ankara 1987; Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Printed p.44, PDF p.46, I-7, register entry 153 (Timar-i Petro); source İnalcık 1987 p.59; bibliography identifies Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, second ed., Ankara 1987; Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Printed p.44, PDF p.46, I-7, register entry 153 (Timar-i Petro); source İnalcık 1987 p.59; bibliography identifies Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, second ed., Ankara 1987; Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
The published 1431–1432 Arvanid register excerpt records estimated revenue of 531 akçe for Lagos village within Petro's timar. This is fiscal accounting evidence, not a mint-date proxy.
Printed p.44, PDF p.46, I-7, register entry 153 (Timar-i Petro); source İnalcık 1987 p.59; bibliography identifies Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, second ed., Ankara 1987
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Sahillioğlu describes akçe becoming the third of a para and surviving as an account unit after the monetary focus shifted to kuruş and para. Pamuk describes the new kuruş scale as 120 akçe and the continuing use of its lower subdivisions.
Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Under the project policy that rescaling and subdivision changes do not create currencies, the retained akçe account scale supports a qualified continuation within the Ottoman kuruş/lira profile. Extend the profile to 1431–1432 fiscal evidence; do not create a denomination-only akçe predecessor node.
Printed p.44, PDF p.46, I-7, register entry 153 (Timar-i Petro); source İnalcık 1987 p.59; bibliography identifies Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, second ed., Ankara 1987; Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Printed p.44, PDF p.46, I-7, register entry 153 (Timar-i Petro); source İnalcık 1987 p.59; bibliography identifies Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, second ed., Ankara 1987; Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Printed p.44, PDF p.46, I-7, register entry 153 (Timar-i Petro); source İnalcık 1987 p.59; bibliography identifies Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, second ed., Ankara 1987; Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Printed p.44, PDF p.46, I-7, register entry 153 (Timar-i Petro); source İnalcık 1987 p.59; bibliography identifies Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, second ed., Ankara 1987; Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Printed p.44, PDF p.46, I-7, register entry 153 (Timar-i Petro); source İnalcık 1987 p.59; bibliography identifies Hicrî 835 Tarihli Sûret-i Defter-i Sancak-i Arvanid, second ed., Ankara 1987; Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
With qualified akçe continuity admitted, the Dutch lion-dollar contribution around 1690 is a later account-unit contribution to an already existing Ottoman system, not the founding origin of that system.
Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Paragraphs following weight table: shift to guruş/zolota/para; akçe as third of para; subsequent account-only persistence; legal-document discussion before table
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The Hejazi Saudi account system adapted Ottoman theoretical gold-piastre reckoning in 1928. The March 1936 finance instructions explicitly superseded that gold-piastre revenue unit with Saudi piastres, doubling stated revenue amounts.
British Library IOR/R/15/2/310, fol.120v, printed p.17, paragraphs 2–4; British Library IOR/R/15/2/310, fol.121r, printed p.18, translated enclosure, clauses 1–7
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full Qatar Digital Library transcription inspected.
British Library IOR/R/15/2/310, fol.120v, printed p.17, paragraphs 2–4; British Library IOR/R/15/2/310, fol.121r, printed p.18, translated enclosure, clauses 1–7
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Full archival transcription inspected; translated original instructions, not a newly inspected Arabic decree.
İnalcık reports the Arvanid fiscal register assigning 25 akçe to married non-Muslim householders and 6 akçe to widows, with corresponding amounts retained in MehmedII’s code. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.
İspenceparagraphs 2–3; registeredition 1954 ppXXXII–XXXIII
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
İspenceparagraphs 2–3; registeredition 1954 ppXXXII–XXXIII
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Istanbul court records retain akçe account use as physical coin output recedes. Official bookkeeping increasingly uses a domestically managed kuruş of 120 akçe after 1690. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.
SectionsII–III
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Later fiscal codes continue akçe-denominated ispence: Mora 1716 and Gence 1727 supply dated account observations beyond the kuruş transition. Association with the modern currency profile remains qualified. Association with the later continuous currency identity remains qualified.
İspenceparagraph 5
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The Dutch esedi convention contributed to domestically managed Ottoman kuruş accounting; retain it as an external contribution to an existing Ottoman identity, not its founding parent.
SectionsII–III
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The same akçe scale remains documented in fiscal obligations after the kuruş emerges, supporting retained-denomination continuity rather than a coin-only bridge. Retain the existing 1431–1432 qualified extension and add supporting observation anchors.
İspenceparagraphs 2–5; courtssectionsII–III; inherited 1844/1925 evidence
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
İspenceparagraphs 2–5; courtssectionsII–III; inherited 1844/1925 evidence
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
İspenceparagraphs 2–5; courtssectionsII–III; inherited 1844/1925 evidence
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
İspenceparagraphs 2–5; courtssectionsII–III; inherited 1844/1925 evidence
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
İspenceparagraphs 2–5; courtssectionsII–III; inherited 1844/1925 evidence
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Article 1 and immediately surrounding proceedings inspected; numerical totals OCR inconsistent, do not transcribe totals
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Article 1 and immediately surrounding proceedings inspected; numerical totals OCR inconsistent, do not transcribe totals
OCR totals intentionally omitted.
İspenceparagraphs 2–5; courtssectionsII–III; inherited 1844/1925 evidence
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Istanbul’s official price list denominated bread and meat prices in akçe, while gold pieces had a separate akçe exchange value. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified.
p67 and note30
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
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Sultani and ducat served large-sum accounting concurrently; akçe remained the basic unit for budgets, inventories and valuation of gold.
pp66–71
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Kuruş became the dominant core account scale gradually; retained subdivisions were 40 para or 120 akçe. Mid-century dominance is not a founding date.
Pamuk pp159–165; Kuruş paragraphs on new unit; courts sectionIII
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Pamuk pp159–165; Kuruş paragraphs on new unit; courts sectionIII
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Pamuk pp159–165; Kuruş paragraphs on new unit; courts sectionIII
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Silver kuruş and gold lira were legal tender, convertible at 100:1. Kuruş continued in daily accounting after later standard changes. Pamuk explicitly states that the 100 kuruş/lira currency unit was retained in the Republic.
Pamuk pp208,218; Kuruş1844andRepublic paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Pamuk pp208,218; Kuruş1844andRepublic paragraphs
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
The coin-unification law standardized 100 silver kuruş per gold lira for all purposes and removed pre 1844 coinage.
pp222–223 and note46
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Articles 1,3 and 5 authorize replacement of existing Ottoman paper with the same amount and legal character, require exchange by treasuries and banks, and carry forward compulsory acceptance. This establishes an instrument replacement within the continuing unit.
Printed pp305,307–308; articles1,3,5
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Article 1 and immediately surrounding proceedings inspected; numerical totals OCR inconsistent, do not transcribe totals
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Article 1 and immediately surrounding proceedings inspected; numerical totals OCR inconsistent, do not transcribe totals
OCR totals intentionally omitted.
The Republic’s first banknote issue implemented the replacement on 5 December 1927; this is not a new account-unit founding.
CBRT FirstEmissionGroup;1925law articles1,3,5
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
CBRT FirstEmissionGroup;1925law articles1,3,5
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Article 1 and immediately surrounding proceedings inspected; numerical totals OCR inconsistent, do not transcribe totals
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Article 1 and immediately surrounding proceedings inspected; numerical totals OCR inconsistent, do not transcribe totals
OCR totals intentionally omitted.
Serbia introduced local tax and market groš conventions in 1833, initially related 2:1 and divided into 40 and 20 tax para respectively. They belong in one local account profile under the no-scale-only-node policy.
pp92,94–95,§1.2; note11 cites Petrović1901p530
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Underlying nineteenth-century enactments cited by author were not independently inspected.
The 1400 supplement to Murad I’s Bursa Kaplıca foundation deed assigns daily stipends expressed by its scholarly editor in akçe:12 to the teacher,1 per student and 2 to the elementary-school teacher. These are specified obligations, not merely circulating coins. The edition distinguishes this supplement from the 1385 deed. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified.
p222, paragraph beginning Vakfiyeye evâhir-i ramazan802; dated25May1400 by editor
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Murad II’s Bursa foundation deed dated 14 July 1430 specifies monetary salaries, called dirhem in its Arabic copy and akçe in its later Ottoman translation. The comparative edition supports a local akçe obligation anchor; original is not extant to the researcher and one stipend translation is erroneous. Association with the modern Ottoman/Turkish profile remains qualified.
pp583–586 provenance; p602 salary-unit comparison; p598n70 translation discrepancy; p612 transcription
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Arabic original inaccessible to author; two archival copies compared; Turkish translation 1907.
Retain Dutch esedi influence as a later contribution to an existing Ottoman system, not its founding parent.
SectionIII, generic-kuruş discussion after Figure2
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Serbian local groš accounting differentiated from Ottoman reckoning in 1833 under separately regulated fiscal and commercial valuations. Its tax and market conventions remain scales within one regional identity.
pp92,94–95,§1.2
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Underlying nineteenth-century enactments cited by author were not independently inspected.
Retain the canonical Ottoman/Turkish profile. Its 1844-to-Republic core account association is supported; the 1431–1432 extension stays qualified. Akçe, para, kuruş and lira are historical account scales under the project rescaling policy; do not insert a sequential sultani predecessor.
See individual observations
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
See individual observations
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
See individual observations
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
See individual observations
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Article 1 and immediately surrounding proceedings inspected; numerical totals OCR inconsistent, do not transcribe totals
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Article 1 and immediately surrounding proceedings inspected; numerical totals OCR inconsistent, do not transcribe totals
OCR totals intentionally omitted.
Explain the historical accounting scales separately from coin introductions. Gold accounting overlapped silver-based core accounts; neither all Ottoman provinces nor all gold obligations were the same scope.
Pamuk pp66–71,165; courts sectionIII
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.
Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Inherited inspected evidence from published v 27, metadata reviewed in this pass: Relevant passages inspected from complete scholarly book mirror; primary original scholarship; use publisher bibliographic identity
Pamuk pp66–71,165; courts sectionIII
Not a complete origin, lifespan or current-status audit.