{"date":"2026-10-14","dataset":"v49","eventOwners":{"ET0533":"FTM000273","ET0534":"FTM000273","ET0539":"FTM000263","ET0540":"FTM000264","ET0541":"FTM000263","ET0542":"FTM000264","ET0543":"FTM000273","ET0561":"FTM000272","ET0562":"FTM000272","ET0564":"FTM000283","ET0717":"FTM000312"},"editorialClaims":{"ED-USD-1785":{"assertion":"Congress adopted the dollar as the United States money unit on 6 July 1785.","title":"Congress chooses the dollar as the national money unit","creator":"Library of Congress, Inside Adams","year":"2010","url":"https://blogs.loc.gov/inside_adams/2010/07/%E2%80%9Cresolved-that-the-money-unit-of-the-united-states-of-america-be-one-dollar-%E2%80%9D/"},"ED-USD-CURRENT":{"assertion":"United States money is expressed in dollars; each dollar is divided into 100 cents.","title":"31 U.S.C. § 5101 — Decimal system","creator":"United States Code, Government Publishing Office","year":"2025 edition","url":"https://www.govinfo.gov/link/uscode/31/5101"},"ED-GBP-1717":{"assertion":"Newton’s September 21, 1717 report preceded reducing the guinea to 21 shillings.","title":"Isaac Newton, Warden and Master of the Royal Mint","creator":"Royal Mint Museum","url":"https://www.royalmintmuseum.org.uk/journal/people/isaac-newton/","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-EUR-START":{"assertion":"The euro launched on January 1, 1999 in eleven participating countries. Greece joined on January 1, 2001. Bulgaria joined on January 1, 2026.","title":"Economic and Monetary Union","creator":"European Central Bank","url":"https://www.ecb.europa.eu/ecb/history-arts-culture/history/emu/html/index.en.html","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-ROMAN-DENARIUS":{"assertion":"The silver denarius appeared around 211 BC at ten asses and was retariffed around 141 BC at sixteen asses. These are coin and denomination milestones, not the origin or end of all Roman accounting.","title":"Anonymous Republican denarii","creator":"Stellenbosch University coin collection","url":"https://academic.sun.ac.za/antieke/coins/muntwerf/repanon.html","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-INR-REPUBLIC":{"assertion":"India continued its monetary system after independence; Republic coins appeared on August 15, 1950. Decimalization took effect on April 1, 1957 without changing the rupee’s value or name.","title":"Republic India Coinage","creator":"Reserve Bank of India","url":"https://rbi.org.in/Scripts/mc_republic.aspx","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-RMB-UNIT":{"assertion":"Renminbi is the currency name and yuan its unit; one yuan comprises ten jiao or one hundred fen. The first issue was December 1, 1948; the second began March 1, 1955 at one new yuan per 10,000 old yuan.","title":"中国货币 [China’s currency]","creator":"People’s Bank of China, reproduced by the Hong Kong Liaison Office","url":"https://www.locpg.hk/zggq/2014-01/04/m_125956267.htm","year":"2014","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-RUB-1998":{"assertion":"The Bank of Russia dates the 1,000-to-one redenomination to 1998.","title":"History of the Bank of Russia — 1998","creator":"Bank of Russia","url":"https://www.cbr.ru/eng/about_br/history/","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-CHF-FLOOR":{"assertion":"On September 6, 2011 the SNB set a minimum exchange rate of CHF 1.20 per euro. It was a floor, not an exact fixed parity.","title":"Swiss National Bank sets minimum exchange rate at CHF 1.20 per euro","creator":"Swiss National Bank","url":"https://www.snb.ch/public/asset/en/www-snb-ch/publications/communication/press-releases/2011/pre_20110906/publications0_en/pre_20110906.en.pdf","year":"2011","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-CHF-2015":{"assertion":"On January 15, 2015 the SNB discontinued the minimum exchange rate against the euro.","title":"Swiss National Bank discontinues minimum exchange rate","creator":"Swiss National Bank","url":"https://www.snb.ch/public/asset/en/www-snb-ch/publications/communication/press-releases/2015/pre_20150115/publications0_en/pre_20150115.en.pdf","year":"2015","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-CHF-LMU":{"assertion":"Switzerland was a founding member of the Latin Monetary Union on December 23, 1865.","title":"Chronicle of monetary events — 1865","creator":"Swiss National Bank","url":"https://www.snb.ch/en/the-snb/organisation/history/geld-und-waehrungspolitische-chronik","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-PENGO-END":{"assertion":"The forint replaced the pengő on August 1, 1946 at a formal equivalence of 4 × 10²⁹ pengő to one forint, following hyperinflation.","title":"Didžiausio nominalo banknotas istorijoje [The highest-denomination banknote in history]","creator":"Money Museum of the Bank of Lithuania","url":"https://www.pinigumuziejus.lt/lt/naujienos/didziausio-nominalo-banknotas-istorijoje","year":"2016","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-USD-1934":{"assertion":"The Gold Reserve Act was signed January 30, 1934; the following day the official gold price was raised to $35 per ounce.","title":"Gold Reserve Act of 1934","creator":"Federal Reserve History","url":"https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/gold-reserve-act","year":"2013","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-USD-1971":{"assertion":"On August 15, 1971 President Nixon announced suspension of dollar convertibility into gold.","title":"Nixon Ends Convertibility of U.S. Dollars to Gold","creator":"Federal Reserve History","url":"https://www.federalreservehistory.org/essays/gold-convertibility-ends","year":"2013","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-USD-1857":{"assertion":"The Coinage Act of 1857 ended US legal-tender status for the Spanish dollar and other foreign coins.","title":"Spanish Milled Dollar","creator":"Federal Reserve Bank of Atlanta","url":"https://www.atlantafed.org/economy-matters/banking-and-finance/clash-of-the-coins/coin-09_spanish-milled-dollar","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-USD-1900":{"assertion":"The Gold Standard Act of March 14, 1900 formally established the gold standard.","title":"Lyman J. Gage (1897–1902)","creator":"United States Department of the Treasury","url":"https://home.treasury.gov/about/history/prior-secretaries/lyman-j-gage-1897-1902","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-GBP-1992":{"assertion":"The United Kingdom suspended sterling’s membership of the European Exchange Rate Mechanism on September 16, 1992.","title":"Operation of monetary policy — 1992 Q4","creator":"Bank of England","url":"https://www.bankofengland.co.uk/quarterly-bulletin/1992/q4/operation-of-monetary-policy","year":"1992","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-JPY-1949":{"assertion":"A unified exchange rate of 360 yen per US dollar took effect on April 25, 1949.","title":"Fiscal and Monetary Policies as the Economy Stabilized, p. 67","creator":"Japan Ministry of Finance","url":"https://www.mof.go.jp/english/pri/publication/policy_1945-1971/Part1-Chapter2.pdf","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-JPY-1973":{"assertion":"Japan shifted the yen to a floating exchange-rate system on February 14, 1973.","title":"Fiscal and Monetary Policies in the 1970s and 1980s, pp. 70, 80","creator":"Japan Ministry of Finance","url":"https://www.mof.go.jp/english/pri/publication/policy_1972-1990/Chapter1-3.pdf","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-INR-1966":{"assertion":"On June 6, 1966 India devalued the rupee: the official dollar rate changed from 4.75 to 7.50 rupees per US dollar.","title":"Brief History — 1960 to 1971","creator":"Reserve Bank of India","url":"https://www.rbi.org.in/commonman/english/history/Scripts/Brief_Chro1960to1971.aspx","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-RUB-1897":{"assertion":"Russia completed the gold-standard reform in 1897 and made credit notes redeemable in gold.","title":"History of the Bank of Russia — 1897","creator":"Bank of Russia","url":"https://www.cbr.ru/eng/about_br/history/","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-RUB-1947":{"assertion":"In the 1947 reform cash exchanged at ten old rubles for one new ruble; deposits and government loans received separate treatment.","title":"History of the Bank of Russia — 1947","creator":"Bank of Russia","url":"https://www.cbr.ru/eng/about_br/history/","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-CHF-1936":{"assertion":"The decree of September 27, 1936 devalued the franc’s gold value by approximately thirty percent.","title":"Chronicle of monetary events — September 27, 1936","creator":"Swiss National Bank","url":"https://www.snb.ch/en/the-snb/organisation/history/geld-und-waehrungspolitische-chronik","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-CHF-2000":{"assertion":"The currency law effective May 1, 2000 removed the Swiss franc’s official gold parity.","title":"National Bank takes up gold sales","creator":"Swiss National Bank","url":"https://www.snb.ch/public/asset/en/www-snb-ch/publications/communication/press-releases/2000/pre_20000502/publications0_en/pre_20000502.en.pdf","year":"2000","reviewed_on":"2026-10-13"},"ED-DK-1813-SCOPED":{"assertion":"The 1813 ordinance distinguishes note redemption (6:1) from private-debt conversion by age into rigsbankdaler silver value. Specified older debts convert at 1:1. These are different applications, not a universal exchange ratio.","title":"Forordning om Forandring i Pengevæsenet — §§6, 10, 23, 31","creator":"Frederik VI; transcription at Danmarkshistorien / Lex","url":"https://danmarkshistorien.lex.dk/Forordning_om_Forandring_i_Pengev%C3%A6senet,_5._januar_1813","year":"1813","reviewed_on":"2026-10-14"},"ED-DK-SPECIES-ACCOUNTS":{"assertion":"The ordinance separately addresses species-denominated state debt, taxes and private obligations. The 1:1 Norwegian tax exception concerns levies under the ordinance of May 6, 1812.","title":"Forordning om Forandring i Pengevæsenet — §§16, 18, 36","creator":"Frederik VI; transcription at Danmarkshistorien / Lex","url":"https://danmarkshistorien.lex.dk/Forordning_om_Forandring_i_Pengev%C3%A6senet,_5._januar_1813","year":"1813","reviewed_on":"2026-10-14"},"ED-NO-1816-BASIS":{"assertion":"Norges Bank identifies the 1816 speciedaler as 120 skilling, deliberately given the silver content of the older riksdaler species standard of 1671.","title":"1816: Lover om Norges Bank og pengevesenet","creator":"Norges Bank","url":"https://www.norges-bank.no/tema/Om-Norges-Bank/historie/norges-banks-historie/e2-artikkel2/1816-/1816-utdyping-norges-bank-blir-opprettet/","year":"","reviewed_on":"2026-10-14"},"ED-NO-1816-NOTES":{"assertion":"Eitrheim describes the 1816 exchange as ten old riksbankdaler notes for one new speciedaler note. This passage does not establish a universal conversion of existing debts.","title":"Fra kaos til stabilitet i pengevesenet i Norge etter Napoleonskrigene — three monetary units","creator":"Øyvind Eitrheim, Norges Bank","url":"https://www.norges-bank.no/tema/Om-Norges-Bank/historie/Bokprosjektene/Workshops-konferansar-og-presentasjonar/Fra-kaos-til-stabilitet-i-pengevesenet-i-Norge-etter-Napoleonskrigene-/","year":"2009","reviewed_on":"2026-10-14"}},"presentation_revision":50}