RESEARCH REVISION 21 · 11 OCTOBER 2026 (NEW YORK)
The latest edition integrates the research after revision 19. Sterling receives three qualified early account-unit observations. Offa, Babylonian and Greek units, Sardis, and the ruble–thaler connection receive source-backed research records with local qualifications.
What changes on the map: the sterling profile now extends to the 873–888 interval of Alfred’s will, explicitly qualified as an association with the continuing unit. The earliest year is not a founding date. The 879–908 Alresford rent and 930s legal valuation supply further observations. No Frankish-to-English edge has been added.
What remains open: no complete modern-to-Lydia path is established. Ancient mina/shekel/drachma evidence does not yet connect Babylonian and Greek currency identities. Thaler-based minting is recorded as ruble context, not as a new ancestry edge. The existing nineteenth-century ruble profile is not backdated.
Coverage remains 49/154 endpoints at 1500 and 8 at 800 or earlier, including qualified paths and optional founding-unit references. Endpoint scope is inherited, not a fresh census.
Download the complete revision 21 data package · Source and claim ID crosswalk · Previous revision
PSZ III No.1616 concerns land grants; IV No.1969 concerns horses; IV No.1950 is the forest decree of 19 November 1703 (printed p.228, checked in the original scan). None supplies the proposed monetary legislation. Avalon’s Hammurabi gold/silver discrepancy and the modern editorial conversion in CDLI P260960 are also retained in the claims below.
68 ancient and medieval pages were retrieved successfully, including collection menus and multipart texts; one link failed. This was automated monetary-term screening followed by selected clause review, not a complete reading of Avalon. Screening inventory.
| Claim | Status | Finding | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| C1057 | supported | Alfred’s will assigns 500 pounds to each son and other sums in pounds, while using mancuses for other bequests. Add an observation of value assignment; do not infer a minted pound or count mancuses as a new currency. | S493 |
| C1058 | qualified | Sawyer dates S 1507 to 873–888; the British Library uses c.885. The earliest listed copy is eleventh-century. Use the interval 873–888, not an exact birth year. Textual layers remain a qualification. | S493, S495 |
| C1059 | supported | S 1287 requires three pounds in annual rent at the autumnal equinox and is catalogued to 879–908. Independent pound-denominated obligation; keep document date distinct from the twelfth-century witness. | S494 |
| C1060 | supported | VI Æthelstan, dated approximately 935 by Screen, values a horse for indemnity at half a pound, subject to actual value. A tenth-century legal valuation anchor; no separate horse-money or coin node. | S496 |
| C1061 | qualified | Hines identifies the four-penny shilling in the London code of the 930s and explains a sixty-shilling, 240-pence pound reckoning. Do not project the later twelve-penny shilling back onto every English region. | S497 |
| C1062 | supported | The Grately code, c.926–930, regulates transactions valued above twenty pennies. Intermediate account-use evidence; the code does not state a pound-to-penny equation. | S498 |
| C1063 | supported inference | The ninth- and tenth-century English pound observations are suitable for a qualified early extension of the existing sterling profile. Preserve T-FTM000497; mark the association as inference. These observations do not independently prove every intervening stage. | S493, S494, S495, S496, S497, S498 |
| C1064 | unresolved | Early Kentish and West Saxon legal units cannot yet be connected to the pound by a fully dated local sequence. Keep seventh-century scilling/sceatt material in the frontier; shared names and metrology are insufficient. | S497 |
| Claim | Status | Finding | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| C1065 | supported | Angers 22 models a silver loan reckoned in solidi, secured by a vineyard and its produce until repayment. Direct evidence for contractual accounting and settlement in silver; no solidus coin need be presumed. | S499 |
| C1066 | qualified | Walther places the underlying private documents of the Angers collection in the late sixth century. Collection-level context only; Angers 22 cannot be assigned an exact sixth-century transaction date. | S500 |
| C1067 | supported | The inspected Lex Salica text equates 120 denarii with three solidi and 1,200 denarii with thirty solidi. Forty-denarius legal reckoning is real; the date and referent of its denarius require redaction-level work. | S501 |
| C1068 | supported | The Cologne catalogue distinguishes Merovingian versions A/C from eighth- and ninth-century versions, including K associated with 802. Date monetary clauses by their witnesses and redactions, not the code title alone. | S502 |
| C1069 | supported | BK 39 c.9 (803) settles debts to the king in twelve-denarius solidi, with an exception for Salic-law freda. New settlement-rule evidence narrows the bridge; preserve the exception and scope. | S503 |
| C1070 | supported | The 816 clauses explicitly apply twelve-denarius settlement to Salic-law obligations while retaining a specified forty-denarius exception. Existing S489 evidence, not a newly discovered earlier anchor. | S489 |
| C1071 | supported inference | The 803/816 provisions demonstrate legal settlement continuity across different solidus reckonings, without proving a single universal unit. Record obligation settlement, not an automatic Roman-to-Frankish ancestry edge or a new node for each ratio. | S501, S502, S503, S489 |
| Claim | Status | Finding | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| C1072 | qualified | Descat reconstructs a Persian assessment behind the later Sardian tribute; Thonemann endorses conversion from daric reckoning to Macedonian gold accounting. Specific local succession hypothesis, not a directly attested conversion event. | S504, S505 |
| C1073 | unresolved | Yegül’s notes report objections to the one-twelfth assessment and to inferring tax rates from the mortgage amount. Preserve the scholarly disagreement on which the proposed conversion depends. | S507 |
| C1074 | supported | In the Cambridge dossier, Greek I.9 reads four gold obols for Nagrioa, while its English translation reads three. Use the Greek reading, corroborated by Thonemann’s table and Yegül’s note 18; do not build arithmetic from the mismatching translation. | S506, S491 |
| C1075 | qualified | The dossier dates the inscription to 214 BCE; Yegül’s note 31 discusses c.220–200 BCE. Both distinguish it from the earlier land grant. Maintain separate inscription, grant and hypothetical assessment dates; do not treat 334 BCE as an observed conversion date. | S506, S507 |
| Claim | Status | Finding | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| C1076 | unresolved | Monson’s abstract identifies late-Ptolemaic capitation taxes and Karanis receipts as evidence relevant to Augustan fiscal continuity. Obtain and collate the receipts before inferring any Ptolemaic-to-Roman currency succession. | S508 |
| Claim | Status | Finding | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| C1077 | supported | The Mesopotamian metrological system relevant here reckons 60 shekels per mina and 60 minas per talent. Record denomination/weight ratios within a dated regional profile; do not universalize across all ancient systems. | S509, S510 |
| C1078 | supported | Hammurabi section 139 specifies one mana of silver in the transliteration; Roth expresses it as 60 shekels of silver. Section 140 gives one-third mana / 20 shekels. Supports legally denominated silver obligations, not merely an archaeological weight standard. | S510 |
| C1079 | supported | Hammurabi section 17 specifies a reward of two shekels of silver; sections 215–217 specify graduated physician fees in shekels. Candidate evidence for an Old Babylonian silver-account identity; not proof of universal payment practice or sole use of silver. | S511 |
| C1080 | supported | Avalon’s King translation gives gold for the mina in sections 139–140, conflicting with Roth’s silver and Johns’s overview. Use checked scholarly reading for metal; preserve discrepancy in source notes. | S510, S511, S512 |
| C1081 | supported | An Old Babylonian frog weight at the Met bears an inscription identifying it as ten minas. Material evidence for the weight system; an object is not itself a currency node. | S509 |
| C1082 | qualified | Athenian Constitution 10 attributes to Solon a change from a mina of 70 drachmas to 100 and describes a talent of 63 minas in its account of weights. Retain as an ancient report. Do not automatically date a coinage reform to Solon or apply these figures to all Greek systems. | S513 |
| C1083 | unresolved | Davis challenges the interpretation of drachmas in Solonian laws as a contemporary silver standard; his paper discusses the contrary interpretation advanced by Rhodes and Kroll. The early-sixth-century Athenian monetary anchor needs adjudication; a retrospective account is not a contemporary decree. | S514 |
| C1084 | qualified | Kroll’s abstract reports 16 stone balance weights/fragments from ninth-century BCE Tomb 79 at Lefkandi, closely matching Late Bronze Age Cypriot and Levantine examples in material, form and mass standards. Strong lead for transmission of metrology; full dataset and uncertainty require full-paper review. | S515 |
| C1085 | supported | An Athenian decree dated about 120 BCE sets the commercial mina at 138 drachmas plus a 12-drachma make-weight, while excepting goods weighed on the silver standard. AIO distinguishes the 100-drachma precious-metal mina. Keep commercial weights and monetary reckoning separately typed, even when both are called mina. | S516 |
| C1086 | supported | CDLI P260960 describes bronze sickles weighing 6⅔ minas. The 400-shekel equivalence is a modern editorial conversion, not an explicit equation on the tablet. Metrological corroboration only; not evidence for a silver payment or an explicit ancient 400:6⅔ equation. | S517 |
| C1087 | supported | The Acilian Law translation includes a fine of 10,000 sesterces for a juror’s repeated refusal to deliver a verdict. Roman account-unit observation candidate; no Greek-to-Roman ancestry established. | S518 |
| C1088 | supported | The Agrarian Law translation includes a fine of 50 sesterces per juger and a nominal one-sesterce land purchase. Additional sesterce-denominated legal evidence; no conversion to denarii established by these clauses. | S519 |
| C1089 | supported | Edgar’s Hundred Ordinance gives escalating penalties of 30 pence, 60 pence and half a pound. Candidate tenth-century English account-unit observation; edition/date check needed. No Carolingian parent implied. | S520 |
| C1090 | supported inference | The mina functions as a larger reckoning multiple in the Babylonian legal evidence. A separately minted large denomination is unnecessary for that role. Model mina and shekel inside the same locally defined monetary profile unless independent identity evidence requires separation. | S509, S510, S511 |
| C1091 | unresolved | The evidence reviewed does not yet establish a continuous Old Babylonian silver-account lineage into the Euboeic or Attic drachma systems. Do not create a Babylonian-to-Greek currency ancestry edge from a shared unit name, weight analogy or conversion alone. | S509, S510, S513, S515, S516 |
| Claim | Status | Finding | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| C1092 | supported | Naismith identifies Pippin III’s reformed Frankish coinage and Beonna’s East Anglian issues as models for Offa’s broad pennies. Profile evidence or research context; not a new ancestry edge. | S521 |
| C1093 | supported | Naismith gives an approximate 1.30 g target for Offa’s light pennies, matching contemporary Frankish coinage; the 792/3 heavy reform used about 1.45 g. Profile evidence or research context; not a new ancestry edge. | S521 |
| C1094 | supported | The 2024 silver-provenance study places Offa’s coinage within continental silver-supply connections. This is evidence about metal supply, not by itself ancestry of the English pound. Profile evidence or research context; not a new ancestry edge. | S146 |
| C1095 | unresolved | Frankish models and silver-supply connections do not yet establish a dated Frankish-to-English account-unit succession. No new ancestry edge is admitted. Profile evidence or research context; not a new ancestry edge. | S521, S146 |
| Claim | Status | Finding | Evidence |
|---|---|---|---|
| C1096 | qualified | Goznak reports that the wire-kopeck standard fell to 0.28 g in 1698 so that 100 kopecks corresponded to a thaler; its indexed account supports deliberate weight alignment. Profile evidence or research context; not a new ancestry edge. | S522 |
| C1097 | supported | Efimov documents imported thalers as Russian mint material and distinguishes official exchange rates, market rates and silver-content equivalence before and after Peter’s reform. Profile evidence or research context; not a new ancestry edge. | S523 |
| C1098 | supported | Gokhran describes thaler overstrikes as rubles in 1654 and countermarked thalers rated at 64 kopecks in 1655. Peter’s 1704 issue was not the first physical silver ruble. Profile evidence or research context; not a new ancestry edge. | S524 |
| C1099 | supported | HSE identifies PSZ III No.1616 as the 23 January 1698 decree concerning land grants to foreigners, not a kopeck-weight decree. Profile evidence or research context; not a new ancestry edge. | S525 |
| C1100 | supported | HSE identifies PSZ IV No.1969 as the 23 February 1704 decree concerning captured horses and their sale, not ruble coinage. Profile evidence or research context; not a new ancestry edge. | S526 |
| C1101 | supported | PSZ IV No.1950, printed p.228, is dated 19 November 1703 and orders a forest survey near rivers; the original scan does not support the claimed January 1704 monetary decree. Profile evidence or research context; not a new ancestry edge. | S527 |
| C1102 | supported inference | The reviewed evidence supports thaler influence on the existing ruble’s coinage standard, not a newly established thaler-to-ruble account-unit ancestry edge. The earlier-ruble to nineteenth-century identity boundary remains to be adjudicated. Profile evidence or research context; not a new ancestry edge. | S522, S523, S524 |
Electronic Sawyer, Cambridge · Second part, monetary bequests; catalogue date, MSS and comments · Old English monetary passage and catalogue inspected · Later copies; catalogue records competing assessments of textual layers. No penny ratio in the inspected clause.
British Library, Medieval Manuscripts, 29 July 2013 · Alfred’s will paragraphs · Curatorial account inspected · Gives c.885; use Sawyer’s wider range in structured dating. No independent proof of 240 pence in this passage.
Electronic Sawyer, Cambridge; translation after Robertson, Charters no. 15 · Date, MSS, authenticity comments, complete short translation and Old Text · Primary text and translation inspected · Date is 879–908, not an exact year. Surviving witness is a mid-twelfth-century copy.
Elina Screen, British Numismatic Journal 77 (2007), pp.150–172 · p.166, table: VI Æthelstan, sixth clause §§1–2; c.935 · Relevant PDF text inspected · Primary legal excerpts through Attenborough’s translation; c.935 is approximate. Browser screenshot retrieval failed; table text checked against a separate study.
John Hines, The Antiquaries Journal 90 (2010), pp.153–173; DOI 10.1017/S0003581510000089 · pp.153–155, table 1 and notes 9–11; pp.158–159 · Relevant research passages inspected · Regional shillings differ. Proposed ancient metal equivalences are interpretations, not a dated succession chain.
Christopher Monk, Kent Archaeological Society · Dating and transmission; translation on transactions over twenty pennies · Critical transcription/translation page inspected · Grately is distinct from the London code. A single coinage instruction does not itself define the pound.
Formulae–Litterae–Chartae, Hamburg Academy / University of Hamburg · Angers 22, loan and repayment clauses; Fulda D1 fols.150v–151r · Latin edition, regest and German translation inspected · An anonymized model document with placeholder amounts and years, not an individually dated surviving transaction.
Christoph Walther, University of Hamburg (26 November 2018) · Opening paragraph and note 1 · Collection description inspected · Late-sixth-century background applies to underlying documents as a collection; it cannot supply an exact date for formula 22.
Wikisource transcription of a historical edition · Title XVII §§3,6,8; debt-enforcement passage · Relevant Latin clauses inspected · Transcription, not critical manuscript collation. Do not assign each monetary clause to Clovis merely from the code’s traditional attribution.
Bibliotheca legum, University of Cologne · Introduction, versions A/C/K and bibliography · Critical catalogue inspected · Dates redactions; not an edition proving the date of each conversion clause.
Capitularia, University of Cologne; Vatican Reg. Lat.1036 · Manuscript contents: 2r–4v; transcription BK 39 c.9 on fol.4r · Primary manuscript transcription and dating inspected · Royal debt settlement has an explicit Salic-fine exception; not a universal replacement rule.
Capitularia, University of Cologne · fols. 147v–148r, BK 135 c.2; catalogue dates text to 816 · Relevant substantive passage inspected in this revision · The 40-denarius exception concerns Saxon/Frisian killing of a Salic Frank; not every interregional payment.
Raymond Descat, Revue des Études Anciennes 87 (1985), pp.97–112; DOI 10.3406/rea.1985.4196 · p.101; bibliographic record · Page 101 body inspected; neighboring pages not retrieved · Reconstructed fiscal arithmetic, not a preserved pre-conquest assessment or an explicit ancient conversion decree.
Peter Thonemann, Chiron 39 (2009), pp.363–393 · pp.386–387 and notes 98–101; supporting context pp.385–389 · Text and page images of pp.386–387 inspected · Endorses Descat’s reconstruction; not independent documentary confirmation of the earlier assessment.
Fikret Yegül, Greece & Rome 71.1 (2024), pp.92–119; DOI 10.1017/S0017383523000256 · Public abstract and notes 18–20,31 · Abstract and substantive notes inspected; not full article body · Notes report objections by Billows and Monson; those cited works have not been independently read here.
Soldiers, Wages, and the Hellenistic Economies, Cambridge University Press · No.7: date; Greek I.9–10 and II.7–19; accompanying translation · Greek and English text compared · Internal mismatch: Greek I.9 gives four obols, English gives three. Date of inscription must be distinguished from land grant.
CHANGE, Centre for the Study of Ancient Documents, Oxford · I.Sardis I 1, I.2–10 and column II; third-century BCE dating · Relevant substantive passage inspected in this revision · Monetary metadata inspected, not the stone. Chrysous is not automatically a daric or a particular Macedonian coin.
Andrew Monson, BASP 51 (2014), pp.127–160; DOI 10.2143/BASP.51.0.3206259 · Publisher abstract · Abstract inspected; Michigan full-text endpoint failed · A prioritized lead. No primary papyrus collation or new currency-succession claim admitted.
Curatorial object record; inscription and metrological explanation inspected.
Scholarly edition, hosted OCR copy; table of weights and LH sections 139–140 inspected. OCR and third-party hosting recorded.
Primary text in old translation; sections 17, 139–140, 215–217 checked. Gold/silver discrepancy flagged.
Historical encyclopaedia overview, not the code itself; divorce-settlement discussion checked.
Ancient retrospective narrative; equivalent passage used because supplied Perseus page was unavailable.
Author-uploaded paper; introduction and argument inspected. DOI 10.25162/historia-2012-0008.
Publisher abstract and bibliography inspected; full paper not obtained. DOI 10.1111/j.1468-0092.2007.00294.x.
Translation and notes inspected, especially section 4 and notes 1, 7–9. Text combines an old transcript of a lost copy with an extant fragment.
Old Babylonian Nippur tablet; transliteration and translation inspected. Bronze-sickle weight, not silver payment.
Translation inspected for a sesterce-denominated fine; Avalon dates the law to 122 BCE.
Translation inspected, sections 18 and 37; Avalon dates the law to 111 BCE.
Edgar’s Hundred Ordinance, section 3, inspected; precise recension and chronology need checking before import.
Rory Naismith, British Numismatic Journal 80 (2010), 76–106 · pp.76–77 and chronology discussion · Full-volume PDF passages inspected · Targets are approximate standards, not identical measured weights of every surviving penny.
Jane Kershaw, Stephen W. Merkel, Paolo D’Imporzano and Rory Naismith, Antiquity 98(398), 2024 · Methods, Results, Discussion and Conclusion; DOI 10.15184/aqy.2024.33 · Relevant body passages inspected; see evidence locators · 49-coin analytical sample; excludes low-fineness English interval c. 715–760. Source interpretation is not a currency conversion or proof of direct political transmission.
Goznak · Indexed substantive passages checked; direct page fetch failed · Institutional historical summary; no verified PSZ citation. Weight equivalence is not automatically fine-silver equivalence.
Artem Efimov, Russian History (2022), DOI 10.31857/S0869568722020091 · Article body and archival references inspected · Distinguishes official, market and silver-content rates; reported Perry evidence checked through this paper, not original English edition.
Gokhran, 13 October 2016 · 1654, 1655 and Petrine coinage paragraphs · Institutional collection account inspected · General collection account; not a technical X-ray study of a named Hermitage specimen.
HSE University · Decree description and note 2: PSZ III, No.1616, pp.427–428 · Scholarly chronology and citation inspected · Original PSZ III scan not inspected in this check.
HSE University · Decree description and note 5: PSZ IV, No.1969, p.247 · Scholarly chronology and citation inspected · Original entry not visually checked in this check.
Russian Empire · Printed p.228, No.1950; PDF page 230 · Downloaded original scan; extracted text checked against rendered page image · No.1950 is a forest decree, not the monetary legislation sought.