Bibliography

Source records preserved from v16; no claim of fresh historical-source inspection in this identity migration.

S01 · Pasted text(2).txt

Project source · Attachment

S05 · FAQs Japanese Currency

Bank of Japan Currency Museum · Source

S06 · Historical Events and Currencies in Use Contents

Bank of Japan Currency Museum · Source

S07 · History of Japanese Paper Currency Before the Edo period

National Printing Bureau Japan · Source

S08 · History of Japanese Paper Currency Meiji era

National Printing Bureau Japan · Source

S18 · Yamada Hagaki: An Investigation of Japan’s Oldest Private Paper Currency

Daishi Chieda · Source

S19 · Excavation Survey Report on the Asuka-ike Site, Monograph 71: English summary

Nara National Research Institute for Cultural Properties · Source

S20 · 日本初期貨幣研究史略―和同開珎と富本銭・無文銀銭の評価をめぐって

松村恵司 (Keiji Matsumura) · Source

S21 · 富本銭だけじゃない！ 国宝 奈良県飛鳥池遺跡出土品の魅力…

横須賀倫達; Agency for Cultural Affairs · Source

S22 · 唐「開元通宝」 [Tang: Kaiyuan Tongbao]

MIHO Museum · Source

S23 · 経塚―56億7000万年のタイムカプセル― 作品リスト

Tokyo National Museum · Source

S24 · 中世の埋蔵銭 [Medieval buried coins]

Toyama City archaeological centre, Board of Education · Source

S25 · Radiocarbon-dating an early minting site: the emergence of standardised coinage in China

Hao Zhao et al. · Source

S26 · Banliang coin

National Museum of China · Source

S27 · Banliang Coins, JK380-3

Kyoto National Museum · Source

S28 · Banliang

Bank of Korea Money Museum · Source

S29 · On the Function of Cowries in Shang and Western Zhou China

Yung-ti Li · Source

S30 · Echizen Fukui hansatsu, silver 5 monme

National Printing Bureau, Banknote and Postage Stamp Museum · Source

S31 · National banknote, old type, 20 yen

National Printing Bureau, Banknote and Postage Stamp Museum · Source

S32 · A History of the Bank of Japan, 1882–2016

Masato Shizume · Source

S33 · Who issues Japanese banknotes?

Bank of Japan · Source

S34 · Bank of Japan Notes and Coins Currently Issued

Bank of Japan · Source

S35 · Radiocarbon-dating an early minting site: main text republished by Vietnam National Museum of History

Hao Zhao et al.; host: Vietnam National Museum of History · Source

S36 · Cowrie Use and Social Differentiation in the Western Zhou Dynasty (1046–771 BCE): Archaeological Evidence From the Zhouyuan Region

Yuanyuan Zhang et al. · Source

S37 · 盗铸梦的终结 [The end of illicit minting]

Chen Chengjun; National Museum of China · Source

S38 · Stone mould for Qi da dao coin

National Museum of China · Source

S39 · Bronze shell coins

National Museum of China · Source

S40 · 半两 [Banliang]

National Museum of China · Source

S41 · 中国古代钱币展 [Ancient Chinese Money exhibition]

National Museum of China · Source

S42 · 五铢铜钱 [Wuzhu copper coin]

National Museum of China · Source

S43 · New Research on the Origin of Cowries in Ancient China

Ke Peng and Yanshi Zhu; Sino-Platonic Papers 68 (1995) · Source

S44 · 王莽钱币 [Wang Mang coinage]

National Museum of China · Source

S45 · 成都“交子”产生的信任机制与“官方交子”发行的历史意义

He Ping; Renmin University; hosted by NOPSS · Source

S46 · 会子版 [Huizi printing plate]

National Museum of China · Source

S47 · 至元通行宝钞 [Zhiyuan notes]

National Museum of China · Source

S48 · “花银一十两”银锭 [Ten-liang silver ingot]

National Museum of China · Source

S49 · 大清宝钞 [Great Qing notes]

National Museum of China · Source

S50 · Guide to Currency Issuance in Taiwan

Central Bank of China, Issue Department (1998) · Source

S51 · 四萬換一元：新臺幣的發行與流通

Hsu Feng-yuan; National Archives Administration, Taiwan (2019) · Source

S52 · 中国货币 [Chinese currency]

State Council information republished by Hong Kong Liaison Office (2014) · Source

S53 · Hong Kong Currency

Hong Kong Museum of History (1993) · Source

S54 · Linked Exchange Rate System

Hong Kong Monetary Authority · Source

S55 · Edifício sede do BNU: 100 anos a pulsar no coração de Macau

João F. O. Botas; Macao Government Information Bureau (2026) · Source

S56 · Monetary and Financial Stability Review

Monetary Authority of Macao, Research and Statistics Department (2010) · Source

S57 · Regulations Governing the Issuance of New Taiwan Dollar

Central Bank of the Republic of China (Taiwan) · Source

S58 · Two Patacas

Salsa Mazlan; IMF Finance & Development, June 2025 · Source

S59 · 四川省造1盧比幣 [Sichuan rupee], accession 36006

National Museum of History; Taiwan Ministry of Culture · Source

S60 · 中央銀行發行法幣壹仟圓紙鈔 [1,000-yuan fabi note]

National Museum of Taiwan History · Source

S61 · 熠熠千年：中国货币史中的白银 [Silver in Chinese monetary history]

Shanghai Museum (2019) · Source

S11 · A History of the Canadian Dollar

James Powell; Bank of Canada · Source

S62 · Sigismund: Guldiner, Hall, 1486; object 18204700

Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin · Source

S63 · Boemund II florin; object 18254286

Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin · Source

S64 · People and Money exhibition brochure

Czech National Bank · Source

S65 · El real

Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Spain · Source

S66 · El real de a ocho. Una moneda para el mundo

Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Spain · Source

S67 · History of Mexican Currency

Banco de México · Source

S68 · A 30 años de la introducción del nuevo peso

Banco de México, archive blog · Source

S69 · Lion’s dollar, Dutch Republic; NG-C-2019-31

Rijksmuseum / De Nederlandsche Bank · Source

S70 · Coinage Act, 2 April 1792, 1 Stat. 246

United States Congress; GovInfo facsimile · Source

S71 · Dollar Coins

United States Mint · Source

S72 · Independence and Continental Currency

Federal Reserve Bank of San Francisco · Source

S73 · 50 Dollars, Continental Congress, 1778; nmah_1803808

Smithsonian National Museum of American History · Source

S74 · Funding Act of 1790

United States Congress; FRASER · Source

S75 · Laws of the United States Relating to the Coinage, 1792–1903

United States government compilation; FRASER · Source

S76 · H.R. 240, Legal Tender Act, 25 February 1862

U.S. Capitol Visitor Center · Source

S77 · National Banking Acts of 1863 and 1864

Federal Reserve History · Source

S78 · Cash Services

Federal Reserve History · Source

S79 · Roosevelt’s Gold Program

Federal Reserve History · Source

S80 · Bretton Woods Launched

Federal Reserve History · Source

S81 · British trade dollar

Royal Mint Museum · Source

S82 · History of Singapore’s currency

National Library Board, Singapore · Source

S83 · Straits Settlements Currency, 26 November 1906

UK House of Commons, Hansard · Source

S84 · History of Philippine Money

Bangko Sentral ng Pilipinas · Source

S85 · Hong Kong coinage

Hong Kong Monetary Authority · Source

S86 · 广东省造光绪元宝七钱三分银币

National Museum of China · Source

S87 · 清代户部造币总厂的前世今生 [History of the Qing Ministry of Revenue mint]

Li Yunqi (李蕴祺), 2019; China Cultural Relics Information Network, republished by Chinese Social Sciences Network · Source

S88 · Significant milestones in the Malaysian foreign exchange market

Bank Negara Malaysia · Source

S89 · Currency interchangeability and Brunei currency history

Brunei Darussalam Central Bank · Source

S90 · Brunei–Singapore Currency Interchangeability Agreement

Monetary Authority of Singapore · Source

S91 · Annual Report 1966: Introduction

Reserve Bank of Australia · Source

S92 · Annual Report 1966: Other Activities

Reserve Bank of Australia · Source

S93 · Money in the Australian Economy

Reserve Bank of Australia, Bulletin September 2018 · Source

S94 · Preparing for decimal currency

Reserve Bank of New Zealand museum · Source

S95 · 50 Years of Fiji’s Currency

Reserve Bank of Fiji · Source

S96 · Our History

Central Bank of Solomon Islands · Source

S97 · Annual Report and Statement of Accounts 2014–2015

Eastern Caribbean Central Bank · Source

S98 · Metadata on the Exchange Rate Statistics, 24 September 2025

Deutsche Bundesbank · Source

S99 · History of Jamaican Currency

Bank of Jamaica · Source

S100 · Brief History

Bank of Guyana · Source

S101 · Past Banknotes

Central Bank of Barbados · Source

S102 · Fixed for Forty-One Years

Central Bank of Barbados · Source

S103 · Bermuda Monetary Authority: Celebrating 50 Years

Bermuda Monetary Authority · Source

S104 · History of Belize Currency

Central Bank of Belize · Source

S105 · De Surinaamse dollar

Centrale Bank van Suriname · Source

S106 · Explore Currency

Bank of Namibia · Source

S107 · The Impact of Foreign Exchange Intervention on Liberian Dollar Money Supply (2006–2015), WP 01/2016

Mounir Siaplay, Jefferson S. N. Kambo and John M. Collins; Central Bank of Liberia · Source

S108 · CBL to Issue New Bank Notes Soon

Central Bank of Liberia · Source

S109 · IMF Executive Board concludes 2009 Article IV consultation with Zimbabwe

International Monetary Fund, PIN 09/53 · Source

S110 · Annual Report 2024

Reserve Bank of Zimbabwe · Source

S111 · La economía ecuatoriana luego de 10 años de dolarización

Banco Central del Ecuador · Source

S12 · Guide to the French Currency Collection 1791 to 1796

University of Chicago Library · Source

S13 · Collection Dewamin inventory

Service des archives économiques et financières France · Source

S112 · Early French and German central bank charters and regulations, Occasional Paper 234

Ulrich Bindseil, September 2019 · Source

S113 · John Law

Arnaud Orain; Bibliothèque nationale de France, 2021 · Source

S114 · A history of the Franc: the key moments

Irène Delage; Fondation Napoléon · Source

S115 · Métalmorphoses: chronology

Monnaie de Paris, 3 March 2017 · Source

S116 · Louis à la mèche longue; MON C 003070-22

Monnaie de Paris · Source

S117 · Franc à cheval de Jean II le Bon; MON B 001506

Monnaie de Paris · Source

S118 · Gros tournois; MON B 001133

Monnaie de Paris · Source

S119 · Les conditions du denier parisis et du denier tournois sous les premiers Capétiens

Adolphe Dieudonné, Bibliothèque de l’École des chartes 81 (1920), pp. 45–60 · Source

S120 · Charlemagne denier, Treviso; object 18245129

Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin · Source

S121 · Merovingian pseudoimperial tremissis; object 18281843

Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin · Source

S122 · Tremissis

Migration Period between Odra and Vistula research project, University of Warsaw · Source

S123 · Solidus

Migration Period between Odra and Vistula research project, University of Warsaw · Source

S124 · Le Cabinet des Monnaies et Médailles de Marseille: bicentenary history

Ville de Marseille, 21 April 2021 · Source

S125 · Loi relative aux poids et mesures, 18 Germinal an III

Convention nationale; Newberry Library digitization, Internet Archive · Source

S126 · De TVRONOS TRICCOS au différent E, la place de la monnaie de Tours

Christian Theureau, 2007, pp. 367–370 · Source

S127 · Numismatique. Des Carolingiens aux Capétiens

Jean Lafaurie, 1970, pp. 117–137 · Source

S128 · C. Iulius Caesar and A. Hirtius, aureus, 46 BCE; 18202176

Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin · Source

S129 · The Coins of Sardis

John H. Kroll; Archaeological Exploration of Sardis · Source

S130 · Lydian Gold and Silver Refining

Crawford H. Greenewalt Jr., with an addition by Nicholas Cahill; Sardis Expedition · Source

S131 · Electrum 1/6 stater, 1878,0301.384

British Museum, published on Google Arts & Culture · Source

S132 · A New Find of Croeseid Coins from Sardis

Nicholas Cahill et al., Hesperia 94 (2025), pp. 143–183 · Source

S133 · The Royal Mint and Decimalisation

The Royal Mint · Source

S134 · History of the Bank of England

Bank of England · Source

S135 · Gold Standard Act 1925, chapter 29

UK Parliament, 13 May 1925 · Source

S136 · Sovereign trial piece

Royal Mint Museum · Source

S137 · Isaac Newton

Royal Mint Museum · Source

S138 · Charles II

Royal Mint Museum · Source

S139 · Tudor Sovereign

Royal Mint Museum · Source

S140 · Pounds, Shillings and Pence

Royal Mint Museum · Source

S141 · Penny

Royal Mint Museum · Source

S142 · The Anglo-Scots monetary union of 1707

David Fox, Edinburgh Law Review 23(3), 2019, pp. 360–387 · Source

S143 · Penny CM.143-1985

Fitzwilliam Museum · Source

S144 · Shilling CM.2259-1997

Fitzwilliam Museum · Source

S145 · Medieval European Coinage 8: Britain and Ireland c. 400–1066

Rory Naismith, Cambridge University Press, 2017 · Source

S146 · Byzantine plate and Frankish mines: provenance of silver, c. 660–820

Jane Kershaw, Stephen W. Merkel, Paolo D’Imporzano and Rory Naismith, Antiquity 98(398), 2024 · Source

S147 · The importance of central bank reserves

Andrew Bailey, Bank of England lecture, 21 May 2024 · Source

S148 · Alfred the Great penny

Royal Mint Museum · Source

S149 · A new pre-reform coin-type of Edgar

Rory Naismith, British Numismatic Journal 86 (2016), 232–234 · Source

S150 · The Middle Ages H7: coin teaching collection

Reading Museum Service · Source

S151 · The Carlisle mint coinages of Henry I, Stephen, David I and Earl Henry

John Mattinson and Peter Cherry, British Numismatic Journal 83 (2013), 101–111 · Source

S152 · Assimilation of the currencies of Great Britain and Ireland, 12 May 1825

UK Parliament, House of Commons, Hansard vol. 13, cols. 573–582 · Source

S153 · The Irish Pound: From Origins to EMU

John Kelly, Central Bank of Ireland Quarterly Bulletin, Spring 2003, 89–115 · Source

S154 · Currency under the Vikings. Part 4: The Dublin coinage c.995–1050

Mark Blackburn, British Numismatic Journal 78 (2008), 111–138 · Source

S155 · 950–1450: Vikings, Normans and Medieval Mints

National Museum of Ireland · Source

S156 · Currency Conversion in British North America, 1760–1900

A. B. McCullough; Archivaria 16 (1983), pp.83–94 · Source

S157 · Currency Act, 1862 — Vancouver Island

Colony of Vancouver Island; official historical statutes · Source

S158 · Decimal Currency Ordinance, 1865

Colony of British Columbia; official historical statutes · Source

S159 · Currency Ordinance, 1867, consolidated chapter 60

British Columbia; official historical statutes, pp.164–165 · Source

S160 · Currency Act, Revised Statutes of Canada 1906, chapter 25

Canada; historical statutory text preserved in Aldrich papers, FRASER · Source

S161 · Welcoming Newfoundland to Canada

Bank of Canada Museum, 2024 · Source

S162 · Ancient Rome

American Numismatic Society · Source

S163 · Rome: A Thousand Years of Monetary History

American Numismatic Society · Source

S164 · Roman Republic denarius, ID3209 / R.04.087

Academic Art Museum, University of Bonn · Source

S165 · The Denarius: The Arrival of Rome

Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Spain · Source

S166 · Gold and Silver: Relative Values in the Ancient Past

James Ross and Leigh Bettenay; Cambridge Archaeological Journal 34(3), 2024, 403–420; online 2023 · Source

S167 · BM 102124 artifact entry, P202124

Cuneiform Digital Library Initiative; revised 2023 · Source

S168 · Cuneiform tablet: loan of silver, 66.245.17a

The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Source

S169 · Cuneiform tablet case: quittance for a loan in copper, 66.245.18b

The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Source

S170 · The Gold Maravedí: From Imitation to Sovereignty

Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Spain · Source

S171 · El oro y los “pesos de oro” en los inicios de Nueva España. Una propuesta de reinterpretación

Iván Rivero Hernández; Historia Mexicana 73(2), 2023 · Source

S172 · The Dinero: A Fresh Start for Currency in the Christian Kingdoms

Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Spain · Source

S173 · The Dinar: New Coins for the New Hispano-Islamic Power

Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Spain · Source

S174 · The Dobla: Granada and the End of Al-Andalus

Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Spain · Source

S175 · Dinar, 99.35.2386, 79 AH / 698–99 CE

The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Source

S176 · Dirham, 04.35.3343, Wasit, 93 AH / 711–12 CE

The Metropolitan Museum of Art · Source

S177 · Umayyads: Abd al-Malik, 78 AH / 697–698, 18205131

Münzkabinett, Staatliche Museen zu Berlin · Source

S178 · Rare Coins from Nishapur

Abdullah Ghouchani and Sheila Canby; The Metropolitan Museum of Art, 2019 · Source

S179 · Chemical studies of Chinese coinage II: from Qin to Yuan (221 BCE–1368 CE)

A. M. Pollard and Ruiliang Liu; Heritage Science 9, 56 (2021) · Source

S180 · England’s earliest coinage with particular reference to the York group of gold shillings

Tony Abramson; British Numismatic Journal 89 (2019), 1–18 · Source

S181 · Copper coinage, ruling power and local society in medieval Japan

Hiroyuki Honda; International Journal of Asian Studies 4(2), 2007, 225–240 · Source

S182 · Establishment of the Monetary System of Early Modern Japan

Tetsuo Kamiki; Socio-Economic History 57(2), 1991, 167–178 · Source

S183 · The Castilian Dobla: The Enduring Influence of Al-Andalus in Christian Spain

Museo Arqueológico Nacional, Spain · Source

S184 · Bronze Alloying Practice in Ancient China — Evidence from Pre-Qin Coin Analyses

A. M. Pollard and Ruiliang Liu; Journal of Archaeological Science 126 (2021), 105322 · Source

S185 · Supplementary material: Radiocarbon-dating an early minting site

Hao Zhao et al.; Antiquity 95 (383), 2021 · Source

S186 · New Brunswick currency act, 15 Victoria, chapter 85 (1852)

New Brunswick Legislature; official printing reproduced by University of New Brunswick · Source

S187 · An Act relating to the mode of Accounting and Currency, 23 Victoria, chapter 48 (1860)

New Brunswick Legislature; official printing reproduced by University of New Brunswick · Source

S188 · Journal of the Legislative Council of New Brunswick, 20 February 1862: decimal coinage correspondence

New Brunswick Legislative Council; 1859–1861 correspondence reproduced in 1862 · Source

S189 · Currency Board Financial Statements, Studies in Applied Economics No.22 (December 2014)

Nicholas Krus and Kurt Schuler · Source

S190 · Evolution of Currency in Ghana

Bank of Ghana, Statistics and Reports Office, Issue Department · Source

S191 · Currency Gallery

Central Bank of Nigeria · Source

S192 · 1973 Currency Issue

Central Bank of Nigeria · Source

S193 · Redenomination — Introduction

Bank of Sierra Leone · Source

S194 · Economic Bulletin for Africa, Vol.VI No.1, January 1966 (E/CN.14/396)

United Nations Economic Commission for Africa · Source

S195 · Evolution of Currency in The Gambia

Central Bank of The Gambia · Source

S196 · Annual Report and Accounts 2007

Bank of Ghana · Source

S197 · Financial Inclusion Newsletter, Issue No.1, Jan–Jun 2022

Bank of Sierra Leone, Financial Inclusion Secretariat · Source

S198 · Treasury Reporting Rates of Exchange: 1971 compilation, amendment dated 23 July 1971

United States Treasury, Bureau of Accounts · Source

S199 · Sierra Leone: 2024 Article IV Consultation, IMF Country Report No.24/321

International Monetary Fund · Source

S200 · Currency Act 1965, No. 95 — as made

Commonwealth of Australia · Source

S201 · Bermuda Monetary Authority Act 1969 — consolidated text

Bermuda; copy hosted by Bermuda Monetary Authority · Source

S202 · Bermuda Monetary Authority: Celebrating 50 Years — 20 February 2019 release

Bermuda Monetary Authority · Source

S203 · Wet Vernoeming en Herleiding van Guldensbedragen tot Dollarbedragen, S.B. 2003 no.89

Republic of Suriname · Source

S204 · Muntwet amendment, S.B. 2003 no.88

Republic of Suriname · Source

S205 · Taiwan currency reform file: New Taiwan Dollar Issuance Rules

Taiwan Provincial Government; National Archives Administration · Source

S206 · Decimal Currency Act and Decimal Currency (Exchange) Notice

Nigeria; text reproduced by Policy and Legal Advocacy Centre · Source

S207 · Central Bank Act, Chapter 79:02 — updated to 31 December 2015

Trinidad and Tobago Ministry of Legal Affairs; issuer-hosted copy · Source

S208 · Currency: Related Legislative Provisions

Bank of Jamaica · Source

S209 · Ministry Paper No.7, 20 March 1969: Decimal Currency

Edward Seaga, Minister of Finance and Planning; National Library of Jamaica · Source

S210 · New Zealand Gazette No.43, 6 July 1967 — Price Order No.2044

New Zealand Price Tribunal · Source

S211 · Bank of Tanzania Act, 1965, No.12 of 1966

United Republic of Tanzania · Source

S212 · History of the Bank of Tanzania

Bank of Tanzania · Source

S213 · Currency History — national issue and regional currency withdrawal

Central Bank of Kenya · Source

S214 · Currency, East Africa — Commons statement, 30 May 1921

Winston Churchill, Secretary of State for the Colonies; Hansard · Source

S215 · History of Uganda Currency

Bank of Uganda · Source

S216 · Uganda Financial Sector Strategy Update, Report 15081, volume II, 10 November 1995

World Bank · Source

S217 · The Banknote Book: Tanzania, 6 September 2011 edition

BanknoteNews / The Banknote Book; copy hosted by Bank of Tanzania · Source

S218 · Money circulation in the Republic of Armenia

Central Bank of Armenia · Source

S219 · History — national manat and redenomination

Central Bank of Azerbaijan · Source

S220 · History of the national currency

National Bank of Kazakhstan · Source

S221 · Banknotes and coins

National Bank of Tajikistan · Source

S222 · Moldovan leu marks 30 years since its introduction into circulation

National Bank of Moldova · Source

S223 · Frequently Asked Questions — currency before the sum

Central Bank of Uzbekistan · Source

S224 · On the procedure for cash exchange by individuals

Bank of Russia · Source

S225 · Billetes y monedas en vigencia

Banco Central de la República Argentina · Source

S226 · Ley No.901, 28 November 1986

Republic of Bolivia; Central Bank host · Source

S227 · Banknotes and coins

Banco Central de Costa Rica · Source

S228 · About Us

Banco Central de Honduras · Source

S229 · Guaraní, signo monetario de Paraguay

Banco Central del Paraguay · Source

S230 · Reseña histórica

Banco de Guatemala · Source

S231 · Billetes

Banco Central de la República Dominicana · Source

S232 · Tipo de cambio oficial 1991

Banco Central de Nicaragua · Source

S233 · History of Botswana Currency

Bank of Botswana · Source

S234 · First Issue

Central Bank of Kuwait · Source

S235 · Museum — Currencies in circulation in the UAE

Central Bank of the UAE · Source

S236 · Overview — historical currency information

Saudi Central Bank · Source

S237 · Banknotes and Coins — Agora and New Sheqel Series

Bank of Israel · Source

S238 · Introductions

Central Bank of Jordan · Source

S239 · Currency

Bank of Papua New Guinea · Source

S240 · History of the Tongan Pa'anga

National Reserve Bank of Tonga · Source

S241 · Coins and Banknotes of Bangladesh, 2013

Bangladesh Bank · Source

S242 · 60th Anniversary Commemorative Volume, 1950–2010

Central Bank of Sri Lanka · Source

S243 · History of the Bank

Central Bank of Eswatini · Source

S244 · History of banknotes and coin

South African Reserve Bank · Source

S245 · KM banknotes

Central Bank of Bosnia and Herzegovina · Source

S246 · How long has the Swiss National Bank existed?

Swiss National Bank · Source

S247 · Withdrawal of banknotes from circulation, 31 May 2006

Central Bank of Iceland · Source

S248 · Invalid banknote since 1946

Magyar Nemzeti Bank · Source

S249 · Symbolics on Albanian Banknotes, 2024

Bank of Albania · Source

S250 · Czech National Bank, 1993–2003

Czech National Bank · Source

S251 · Working Paper 103, balance-sheet history

Danmarks Nationalbank · Source

S252 · 63rd anniversary address, 1 March 2023

Karamo Kaba, Governor, Central Bank of the Republic of Guinea · Source

S253 · Historique du Franc Djibouti

Central Bank of Djibouti · Source

S254 · Bank Notes

Bank of South Sudan · Source

S255 · History of the Central Bank of Somalia

Central Bank of Somalia · Source

S256 · Exchange Rate Policy

Central Bank of Libya · Source

S257 · Tour Highlights

Bank of Mauritius · Source

S258 · Duel Uang Merah Vs Uang Putih

Bank Indonesia · Source

S259 · Currency Timeline, 1962–1970

Bank of Korea · Source

S260 · A brief history

Centrale Bank van Aruba · Source

S261 · Nepal Rastra Bank in Fifty Years, Part III: Macroeconomy

Nepal Rastra Bank · Source

S262 · An Analysis of the Denomination Structure of the Maldivian Rufiyaa

Hassan Fahmy; Maldives Monetary Authority · Source

S263 · Banknotes 1877–1901, Series I

Norges Bank · Source

S264 · 1873 — Sweden gets the krona

Sveriges Riksbank · Source

S265 · History of the Cayman Islands Currency

Cayman Islands Monetary Authority · Source

S266 · Annual Report 2023 — Le Franc Pacifique

Institut d'émission d'outre-mer · Source

S267 · Histoire du Franc CFA

BCEAO · Source

S268 · Plano Real

Banco Central do Brasil · Source

S269 · Decreto 636/992, 22 December 1992

Uruguay; Banco Central del Uruguay host · Source

S270 · Comunicado de 18-VI-91

Banco Central de Reserva del Perú · Source

S271 · History of Banknotes

Qatar Central Bank · Source

S272 · History

Central Bank of Oman · Source

S273 · History

Reserve Bank of Vanuatu · Source

S274 · History of Currency

Royal Monetary Authority of Bhutan · Source

S275 · Pakistani Currency

State Bank of Pakistan Museum · Source

S276 · History of Hryvnia

National Bank of Ukraine · Source

S277 · Annual Report 1998

Central Bank of the Congo · Source

S278 · PB 2025-008: Caribbean Guilder Officially Legal Tender

Centrale Bank van Curaçao en Sint Maarten · Source

S279 · Riel Day, 46th anniversary, 20 March 2026

National Bank of Cambodia · Source

S280 · History Brief

Central Bank of Egypt · Source

S281 · Les premiers billets de l'Algérie indépendante

Bank of Algeria · Source

S282 · Second and Third PRGF Reviews, Informational Annex, 2008

International Monetary Fund · Source

S283 · Lao PDR: Selected Issues, 1997

International Monetary Fund · Source

S284 · Treasury — archival introduction

Falkland Islands National Archives · Source

S285 · BCM extends validity of old coins, 8 November 2018

Agence mauritanienne d'information, reproducing BCM communiqué · Source

S286 · Annual Report 2016

Central Bank of Bahrain · Source

S287 · Rôle et missions de Bank Al-Maghrib

Bank Al-Maghrib · Source

S288 · Vietnamese Currencies from 1951 to now

State Bank of Vietnam · Source

S289 · History of Lebanese Banknotes and Coins

Banque du Liban · Source

S290 · Gibraltar Banknotes

Gibraltar Philatelic Bureau · Source

S291 · Conference in honor of the Turkmen manat

Turkmenistan government information service · Source

S292 · Infojurídica: Law 84, Sobre Moneda

Procuraduría de la Administración, Panama · Source

S293 · Tbilisi to Host Major International Conference Celebrating 30th Anniversary of the Lari

National Bank of Georgia · Source

S294 · Reserve Bank of Malawi conference paper, 2005

L. J. Sato, Reserve Bank of Malawi; SARB host · Source

S295 · Aviso 3/GGBM/2006

Banco de Moçambique; Boletim da República · Source

S296 · Reforma Monetária 2018: Nova Família da Dobra, May 2017

Banco Central de São Tomé e Príncipe · Source

S297 · Thai Banknotes Evolution

Bank of Thailand · Source

S298 · Reflecting on Eritrea's Pillars towards Development

Eritrea Ministry of Information · Source

S299 · ESKENĀS

Encyclopaedia Iranica · Source

S300 · Dinar banknote history, article id 9755

National Bank of Serbia · Source

S301 · Economic and Financial Statistical Review, second quarter 2008

Central Bank of Sudan · Source

S302 · National Currency

National Bank of the Kyrgyz Republic · Source

S303 · Discurso sobre o Estado da Nação 2025

Government of Angola · Source

S304 · Banco de la República: 100 años

Banco de la República, Colombia · Source

S305 · Le système de paiement en Haïti

Banque de la République d'Haïti · Source

S306 · Iraq Currency Exchange

Coalition Provisional Authority; archived by University of North Texas · Source

S307 · Price and Foreign Exchange Rate in North Korea: Observations, Trends, and Analysis

Korea Development Institute · Source

S308 · History of Bank of Mongolia

Bank of Mongolia · Source

S309 · History of the Bank

Central Bank of Seychelles · Source

S310 · President al-Sharaa issues decree on new Syrian currency, beginning 2026

Syrian Arab News Agency · Source

S311 · Inflation Report 2006-I

Central Bank of the Republic of Türkiye · Source

S312 · Annual Report 2019

Bank of Zambia · Source

S313 · Law No.58-109 of 18 October 1958 — contemporary English translation

Republic of Tunisia; World Bank Translation Section, 14 July 1959 · Source

S314 · Gaceta Oficial 42.191, 16 August 2021 — BCV Resolution 21-08-01

Banco Central de Venezuela; Gazette scan on third-party host · Source

S315 · Recueil des textes relatifs à l'exercice des activités bancaires et financières

Banque Centrale des Comores · Source

S316 · Privilège d'émission

Banque de la République du Burundi · Source

S317 · Brochura Institucional Banco de Cabo Verde 2022

Banco de Cabo Verde · Source

S318 · Bank Notes

National Bank of Ethiopia · Source

S319 · Republic India Coinage

Reserve Bank of India · Source

S320 · Tipo de cambio en Chile, 1948–1978

Banco Central de Chile · Source

S321 · Polish circulation banknotes — 10 zł, 2023 educational sheet

Narodowy Bank Polski · Source

S322 · Legea nr.348 din 14 iulie 2004 privind denominarea monedei naționale

Romanian official legislative portal · Source

S323 · Presidential Decree No.450 of 4 November 2015 — denomination of the official monetary unit

Republic of Belarus; English reproduction by CIS Legislation · Source

S324 · Afghanistan: selected issues — monetary and exchange rate policy, Country Report 03/299

International Monetary Fund · Source

S325 · Kingdom of Lesotho: Selected Issues and Statistical Appendix, Country Report 05/438

International Monetary Fund · Source

S326 · Quarterly Report I/2007

National Bank of the Republic of Macedonia · Source

S327 · Central Bank

Myanmar government national portal · Source

S328 · Finance & Development, volume 1 issue 3 — Rwanda and Burundi monetary institutions

International Monetary Fund · Source

S329 · Metadata on the Exchange Rate Statistics

Deutsche Bundesbank · Source

S330 · Encuesta de hogares: R70514A, destination of cash assistance

Banco Central de Reserva de El Salvador, Oficina Nacional de Estadística y Censos · Source

S331 · Decreto-Ley 17/2020, Gaceta Oficial No.68 Extraordinaria

Republic of Cuba; original Gazette hosted by ILO NATLEX · Source

S332 · Currency Ordinance, Chapter 124 — consolidation including 2007 amendments

Government of Saint Helena · Source

S333 · ISO 4217 Amendment 170

SIX · Source

S334 · East Africa and Uganda (Currency) Order in Council, 1905 — Gazette 1 June 1905

British Crown; East Africa and Uganda Official Gazette; Kenya Law scan · Source

S335 · Colony and Protectorate of Kenya: Report for 1920–21, Colonial Reports Annual No.1122 (1922)

Government of Kenya; His Majesty’s Stationery Office; University of Illinois scan · Source

S336 · Kenya Gazette No.804, 16 December 1921: Proclamation 177 and Government Notices 461–462

Government of Kenya; Laws.Africa Gazettes archive · Source

S337 · Central Bank of Kenya Act 1966, Act 15 — version at 3 June 1969

Republic of Kenya; Kenya Law · Source

S338 · Legal Tender of East African Shillings — Legal Notice 253 of 1966, original-date version

Kenya Minister for Finance; Kenya Law · Source

S339 · Decimal Currency Act, Chapter 45:02 (Act 30 of 1970), version at 31 December 2014

Republic of Malawi; MalawiLII / Laws.Africa · Source

S340 · Metadata on the Exchange Rate Statistics, 24 September 2025 — Zambia entry

Deutsche Bundesbank · Source

S341 · Currency Board Financial Statements, Studies in Applied Economics No.22 — Central African section

Nicholas Krus and Kurt Schuler · Source

S342 · Federation of Rhodesia and Nyasaland (Dissolution) Order in Council 1963, S.I.1963/2085

United Kingdom · Source

S343 · Currency History — Bank of Zambia, indexed account

Bank of Zambia · Source

S344 · History & Legacy — Bank of Uganda, indexed timeline

Bank of Uganda · Source

S345 · Membership and Nonmembership in the International Monetary Fund — chapter 4: Membership and Currency

Joseph Gold; International Monetary Fund · Source

S346 · Council Regulation (EC) 1103/97, 17 June 1997

Council of the European Union · Source

S347 · Council Regulation (EC) 974/98 — consolidation at 1 January 2026

Council of the European Union · Source

S348 · Council Regulation (EC) 2866/98 — consolidation at 1 January 2026

Council of the European Union · Source

S349 · Our money: membership, adoption and fixed conversion rates

European Central Bank · Source

S350 · Exchanging national cash — time-limit table

European Central Bank · Source

S351 · Bulgaria introduces the euro, 1 January 2026

European Central Bank · Source

S352 · Council Regulation (EC) 3320/94 — definition of the ECU

Council of the European Union · Source

S353 · Council Decision 75/250/EEC, 21 April 1975 — European unit of account for Lomé aid

Council of the European Communities · Source

S354 · European Council resolution of 5 December 1978 on the European Monetary System

European Council · Source

S355 · Council Decision 80/1184/EEC, 18 December 1980 — EUA replacement by ECU for ACP assistance

Council of the European Communities · Source

S356 · BIS Timelines — 1973–1993

Bank for International Settlements · Source

S357 · The euro becomes the sole legal tender in all euro area countries, 28 February 2002

European Central Bank · Source

S358 · Germany and the euro

European Commission, Directorate-General for Economic and Financial Affairs · Source

S359 · Evaluation of the 2002 cash changeover, April 2002

European Central Bank · Source

S360 · Münzkabinett Berlin — Aureus glossary

Münzkabinett Berlin · Source

S361 · Heidelberg NumiScience — Solidus

Heidelberg NumiScience · Source

S362 · Münzkabinett Berlin — Republican denarius, object 18225774

Münzkabinett Berlin · Source

S363 · Académie française — Denier

Académie française · Source

S364 · Académie française — Sou

Académie française · Source

S365 · Académie française — Livre

Académie française · Source

S366 · Münzkabinett Berlin — Merovingian coin, object 18207570

Münzkabinett Berlin · Source

S367 · Mark Blackburn — Money and coinage, New Cambridge Medieval History (2005)

Mark Blackburn · Source

S368 · The Carolingian Economy — Money and price movements (2002)

The Carolingian Economy · Source

S369 · Jean Lafaurie — Novi denarii and forgery in the ninth century (1983)

Jean Lafaurie · Source

S370 · BnF — Pépin denier, Strasbourg, 755?–768

BnF · Source

S371 · Académie française — Tournois

Académie française · Source

S372 · BnF — First franc, Jean II

BnF · Source

S373 · Jean-Marcel Jeanneney — OFCE monetary history (1988)

Jean-Marcel Jeanneney · Source

S374 · Banque de France — Working paper 422 (2013)

Banque de France · Source

S375 · Citéco — Creation of the franc germinal

Citéco · Source

S376 · Légifrance — New-franc implementation decree (1959)

Légifrance · Source

S377 · ECB — Irrevocable euro conversion rates, 31 December 1998

ECB · Source

S378 · European Commission — France and the euro

European Commission · Source

S379 · BCEAO — Présentation du musée de la monnaie

BCEAO · Source

S380 · BCEAO — Chronologie des événements marquants

BCEAO · Source

S381 · French Treasury — La Zone franc de 1939 à aujourd’hui

French Treasury · Source

S382 · Légifrance — BEAC parity decision signed 11 January 1994

Légifrance · Source

S383 · BCRG — Histoires de la monnaie

BCRG · Source

S384 · AFRISTAT — Price statistics methodological publication

AFRISTAT · Source

S385 · Banque centrale des Comores — Histoire

Banque centrale des Comores · Source

S386 · Banque centrale des Comores — Musée

Banque centrale des Comores · Source

S387 · IEOM — Annual report 2020, CFP history

IEOM · Source

S388 · Swissmint — Questions fréquentes

Swissmint · Source

S389 · Banque centrale du Congo — Historique de la banque

Banque centrale du Congo · Source

S390 · Banque centrale du Congo — Histoire des signes monétaires

Banque centrale du Congo · Source

S391 · Citéco — La presse à assignats

Citéco · Source

S392 · Charles Lelong — Monnaies carolingiennes trouvées en Touraine en 1970 (1971)

Charles Lelong · Source

S393 · Musée départemental breton — Saint-Martin de Tours denier, 1150–1200

Musée départemental breton · Source

S394 · Law of 18 germinal an III — weights and measures

Law of 18 germinal an III · Source

S395 · BnF — Charles V franc à pied, 20 April 1365

BnF · Source

S396 · Journal officiel, 26 December 1945 — Decree 45-0136

Journal officiel, 26 December 1945 · Source

S397 · US Treasury — Reporting rates, contemporary 1972 amendment

US Treasury · Source

S398 · US National Monetary Commission — The National Bank of Belgium (1910)

US National Monetary Commission · Source

S399 · Banque centrale du Luxembourg — Monetary history

Banque centrale du Luxembourg · Source

S400 · Banque de la République du Burundi — History

Banque de la République du Burundi · Source

S401 · Historical Dictionary of Switzerland — Monnaie (2014)

Historical Dictionary of Switzerland · Source

S402 · Association of African Central Banks — Madagascar / BFM history

Association of African Central Banks · Source

S403 · Djibouti official gazette — Decree 49-374

Djibouti official gazette · Source

S404 · French Senate — France–Djibouti monetary convention (1977), bill 192 (1978–1979)

French Senate · Source

S405 · Morocco Bulletin officiel 2451-bis, 19 October 1959

Morocco Bulletin officiel 2451-bis, 19 October 1959 · Source

S406 · Légifrance — Comoros parity decision signed 11 January 1994

Légifrance · Source

S407 · Casimir Oye Mba, BEAC governor — Equatorial Guinea changeover notice, Le Monde, 28 December 1984

Casimir Oye Mba, BEAC governor · Source

S408 · Jean Lafaurie — Numismatique romaine et médiévale, EPHE Annuaire 1970–1971 (1971)

Jean Lafaurie · Source

S409 · Revue belge de numismatique (1923) — Monnaies métalliques employées au Congo

Revue belge de numismatique (1923) · Source

S410 · History of Estonian money

Eesti Pank Museum · Source

S411 · History of Eesti Pank

Eesti Pank · Source

S412 · Par mūsu nacionālās valūtas atdzimšanu

Kristīne Ducmane / Latvijas Vēstnesis · Source

S413 · Interwar monetary history — lats introduction

Viesturs Pauls Karnups / Latvijas Banka · Source

S414 · Centenary retrospective: establishment and liquidation of Latvijas Banka

Latvijas Banka · Source

S415 · Lithuania’s temporary monetary tokens of 1991–1993

Bank of Lithuania Money Museum · Source

S416 · Banking Statistics Yearbook 2002

Bank of Lithuania · Source

S417 · Money in Lithuania during the first Soviet occupation

Bank of Lithuania Money Museum · Source

S418 · Decision introducing the kuna as the monetary unit

Republic of Croatia / Narodne novine · Source

S419 · The story of the tolar

Banka Slovenije · Source

S420 · Sbohem padesátihaléři, sbohem dvacetikoruno! — část 1

Jaroslav Moravec / Czech National Bank · Source

S421 · Monetary timeline

Czech National Bank · Source

S422 · Zaujímavosti z histórie Slovenskej Národnej Banky

Dana Kancelová / National Bank of Slovakia · Source

S423 · Július Pázman

National Bank of Slovakia · Source

S424 · OeNB history

Oesterreichische Nationalbank · Source

S425 · Annual Report 1998 — From the Schilling to the Euro

Oesterreichische Nationalbank · Source

S426 · Workshop 13 — Austrian currency reform in 1892

Oesterreichische Nationalbank · Source

S427 · Bank of Finland 200 years, part I — Imperial Cashier to Central Bank

Bank of Finland · Source

S428 · Silver drachma of King Otto

Alpha Bank Numismatic Collection · Source

S429 · Silver phoenix of Kapodistrias

Alpha Bank Numismatic Collection · Source

S430 · Drachma banknotes

Bank of Greece · Source

S431 · Drachma coins

Bank of Greece · Source

S432 · Coinage in Malta

Central Bank of Malta · Source

S433 · A Brief History of the Central Bank of Malta

Central Bank of Malta · Source

S434 · Modern Coins of Cyprus (1878–2008), Survey of Numismatic Research 2008–2013

Eleni Zapiti / International Numismatic Commission · Source

S435 · Purchasing power comparisons — history of German money

Deutsche Bundesbank · Source

S436 · Das Papiergeld im Deutschen Reich 1871–1948

Deutsche Bundesbank · Source

S437 · The circulation of Deutsche Mark — from currency reform to European monetary union, March 2002

Deutsche Bundesbank · Source

S438 · Dates of German monetary policy — detailed version

Deutsche Bundesbank · Source

S439 · History of the Bank of Russia

Bank of Russia · Source

S440 · Russian ruble: milestones in history

Bank of Russia Museum · Source

S441 · Из жизни ассигнаций, или Почему упразднили Ассигнационный банк

Bank of Russia Museum · Source

S442 · Копейка: такая изменчивая и постоянная

Bank of Russia Museum · Source

S443 · Zgodovina deviznih tečajev 1945–1998

Banka Slovenije · Source

S444 · Serbia in figures 2002 — Currency circulation

Statistical Office of the Republic of Serbia · Source

S445 · Serbia/Yugoslavia: from 1884 to 1940

Branko Hinić, Ljiljana Đurđević and Milan Šojić / National Bank of Serbia · Source

S446 · Governor’s speech: 150 years of the Serbian dinar

National Bank of Serbia · Source

S447 · History of money in Serbia

National Bank of Serbia · Source

S448 · We remain consistent in maintaining price and denar stability

Anita Angelovska Bezhoska / National Bank of North Macedonia, hosted by BIS · Source

S449 · Coins and banknotes

Kerryn Pollock / Te Ara, Ministry for Culture and Heritage · Source

S450 · Our Currency Story — Part 1

Reserve Bank of Fiji · Source

S451 · Brief History on the Central Bank

Central Bank of Samoa · Source

S452 · The Reserve Bank and the Rand: Some historic reflections, 29 November 2001

T. T. Mboweni / South African Reserve Bank · Source

S453 · Monetary Systems in Hong Kong’s History

Hong Kong Monetary Authority · Source

S454 · The Coin Galleries: Delhi Sultanate — Suris

Pankaj Tandon / CoinIndia · Source

S455 · Tanka (coin), CM.IN.3101-R

Fitzwilliam Museum, University of Cambridge · Source

S456 · The Coins of India, 1922

C. J. Brown · Source

S457 · Empire to Independence Six-Coin Rupee Set

The Royal Mint · Source

S458 · Decimal Coinage — a Fascinating History, 30 March 2007

Government of India, Ministry of Finance / Press Information Bureau · Source

S459 · Rupay ko Pehchano — History of Pakistani Banknotes

State Bank of Pakistan · Source

S460 · Persian Gulf Issues

Reserve Bank of India Monetary Museum · Source

S461 · Currency Arrangements and Banking Legislation in the Arabian Peninsula, 1975

Michael Edo / International Monetary Fund · Source

S462 · Our History

Central Bank of the UAE · Source

S463 · Rapport 2270, 27 January 2010: monetary history of the French Pacific

Assemblée nationale / Hervé Gaymard · Source

S464 · La monnaie malgache

Association of African Central Banks · Source

S465 · Collections: Protectorate monetary system

Central Bank of Tunisia, Currency Museum · Source

S466 · Papers relating to foreign affairs 1867, document 313

United States Department of State / Samuel B. Ruggles · Source

S467 · Annual Report 2013: Tracing the Origins of Money in Barbados

Central Bank of Barbados · Source

S468 · Central banking history booklet

Central Bank of The Bahamas · Source

S469 · Colonial annual reports 1911–1930

Falkland Islands Government / National Archives · Source

S470 · Annual Report 2019–2020

Bank of Mauritius · Source

S471 · Reseña histórica de la moneda de Guatemala

Banco de Guatemala · Source

S472 · Memoria 1947

Banco Central de la República Dominicana · Source

S473 · Aide-mémoire of 14 January 1935, FRUS document 889

Panamanian Legation / US Department of State · Source

S474 · Act of 2 March 1903, chapter 980, 32 Stat. 952

United States Congress · Source

S475 · Los descubrimientos de Carmencita

Banco Central de Nicaragua · Source

S476 · Reseña histórica de la moneda nacional

Banco Central de Nicaragua · Source

S477 · Dinheiro no Brasil, second edition, 2004

Banco Central do Brasil · Source

S478 · Brazilian Monetary System Reforms

Banco Central do Brasil · Source

S479 · Síntese dos Padrões Monetários Brasileiros

Banco Central do Brasil, Museu de Valores · Source

S480 · Boletim Notas e Moedas, October 2010

Banco de Portugal · Source

S481 · Billetes y monedas: Emisiones anteriores

Banco Central de la República Argentina · Source

S482 · Historical coinage exhibit, entry 26

Banco Central de Bolivia · Source